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What an Adjuster's Licence Does Not Test About Your Car

Short answer: In every instrument we read for this article, an adjuster's licence tests insurance, not cars. The credential measures knowledge of coverage, the licensee's honesty and state law. It does not measure whether the person deciding what your repair costs knows how your car goes back together, and in one state the examination weighting is published as a rule, so you can read the proportions yourself.

By Anthony Braswell for Quorum Industries LLC, The Autobody Directory · Updated 2026-09-02 · How this was written, and what the machine may not do

How this page was produced: Researched, drafted and checked with AI assistance under human direction, and signed off by the named author. How this site is written

This is not an argument that adjusters are ignorant. It is an argument about what a credential is designed to certify. The shop owner's complaint has always been made as an accusation about individuals. The documents suggest it is a design.

The one state that publishes its examination weighting

Texas assigns its adjuster prelicensing examination by subject and percentage in its own rule. 28 Texas Administrative Code section 19.1018(a) sets these topics for the all lines adjuster designation:

General property insurance product knowledge pertinent to adjusters:

"Standard fire policy - 3%" "Auto liability (includes Texas PAP) - 3%" "Personal lines coverage (includes ISO and TX forms HO-A, HO-B, and HO-C) - 10%" "Commercial lines coverage - 10%" "Inland marine - 2%" "Ocean marine - 2%" "Additional coverages, exclusions, and extensions - 7%" "Bonds - 3%"

"Insurance terms and related concepts - 40%"

Texas statutes and rules pertinent to property and casualty adjusting:

"Licensing requirements - 7%" "Marketing practices - 7%" "Adjuster practices, responsibilities, and duties - 3%" "Workers' compensation - 3%"

We pulled this rule from two independent hosts on the same day, law.cornell.edu and regulations.justia.com, both read on 2026-09-02, and both returned the same thirteen subject names and the same thirteen percentages.

Our arithmetic, with the inputs above: the thirteen printed percentages sum to 100. Forty per cent of the examination is insurance terminology. Three per cent is automobile, and that three per cent is spent on liability, the coverage that pays for damage you did to somebody else's property, not on the physical damage coverage that pays to repair yours. Bonds carry the same weight as automobile. Ocean marine carries two thirds of it. The subject called "Adjuster practices, responsibilities, and duties" carries three per cent, the same as bonds.

There is no line for auto physical damage. There is no line for repair procedure, vehicle construction, welding, calibration or estimating.

Before treating that absence as real, we checked whether the rule is capable of naming a vehicle subject at all. It is: "Auto liability (includes Texas PAP) - 3%" is one of the thirteen. The rule also names specific homeowner form designations, ocean marine and bonds, so it can name a narrow technical subject when it wants to. The percentages sum to exactly 100, which indicates the list is complete rather than truncated. The absence is in the rule, not in our search. We are not saying that the people who pass this examination do not know how a car is repaired; many will have learned it somewhere else, and nothing on this page measures what any individual licensee knows. The rule records what the state chose to test.

The strongest answer available to the rule's author, stated at full strength. The weighting above is one designation of several in the same section. Subsection (b) of section 19.1018 sets a separate outline for the property, casualty, and surety adjuster designation, and there the subject called "Adjuster practices, responsibilities, and duties" carries 7%, not 3%, while licensing requirements drops to 6% and the workers' compensation line disappears. Anyone defending the rule should cite subsection (b), and the honest reply is that the rest of subsection (b) does not move: its twelve percentages also sum to 100, "Insurance terms and related concepts - 40%" is unchanged, the automobile line is still "Auto liability (include Texas PAP) - 3%", and subsection (b) has no line for auto physical damage either. The adjuster practices weighting more than doubles between the two designations. The vehicle weighting does not change at all.

Texas held 203,093 adjuster licences in fiscal year 2025, on the Department's own annual report, in a table headed "Agent and adjuster licenses, certificates, and registrations by fiscal year" (read on 2026-09-02). We did not compare that against every other state and we do not claim Texas is the largest adjuster licensing population in the country.

What the statutes ask an examination to test

The Texas rule is unusually specific. The ordinary form is a sentence that delegates.

Mississippi Code section 83-17-417(2) provides that each adjuster examination

"shall be as the commissioner may prescribe and shall be of sufficient scope reasonably to test the applicant's knowledge relative to the kinds of insurance which may be dealt with under the license applied for and the duties, responsibilities and laws of this state applicable to such a licensee."

The whole of that state's transparency requirement is subsection (3):

"The commissioner shall prepare and make available to applicants a manual or instructions specifying in general terms the subjects which may be covered in any examination for such a license."

In general terms.

Florida Statutes section 626.241(1) uses the same construction:

"Each examination for a license as an agent or adjuster shall be of such scope as is deemed by the department to be reasonably necessary to test the applicant's ability and competence and knowledge of the kinds of insurance and transactions to be handled under the license applied for, of the duties and responsibilities of such a licensee, and of the pertinent provisions of the laws of this state."

Two statutes, drafted separately, produce the same three part test: lines of insurance, duties, and state law. Florida adds "ability and competence" and leaves the term undefined. Neither contains a fourth part about the thing being repaired. Two is the number of statutes we verified for this article; we make no claim about the drafting of the other forty eight states.

The examination is frequently optional

An examination weighting only matters if the examination is taken.

Texas, whose weighting is quoted above, tells applicants on its own licensing page that the exam is not required where, among other routes, "You have the chartered property and casualty underwriter or associate in claims designation" or "You have completed a TDI-approved course or training program in adjusting losses within the last 12 months" (read on 2026-09-02).

Washington does the same by rule. WAC 284-17-123 allows the education requirement to be met through the chartered property casualty underwriter designation, the associate in claims designation, or the property claim law specialist designation from the American Educational Institute. Under the same rule an applicant licensed as a nonresident adjuster in a state that required an examination, who has taken and passed it and is in good standing with that state, is "deemed by the commissioner to have satisfied the examination required for adjusters in this state." That route substitutes another state's examination for Washington's; it does not waive an examination altogether.

Mississippi lists five classes for whom "the requirement of an examination shall not apply", including:

"(c) An applicant who is licensed as an insurance adjuster, as defined by this article, in another state with which state a reciprocal agreement has been entered into by the commissioner;"

"(d) Any person who possesses a certification from a person or entity approved by the commissioner that provides adjuster education and training and that requires, as a prerequisite to certification, an examination substantially equivalent to those of this state and approved by the commissioner; or"

Paragraph (d) is a delegation with a stated standard, not a blank cheque: the private certification must be "substantially equivalent" and approved. Whether any commissioner has ever refused one is something we did not establish.

Continuing education, in eight jurisdictions

This is the sharpest available test of whether the credential tracks the work, because it is the only requirement that recurs after the licence is granted. We read eight jurisdictions at their own statute or rule. We did not read the other forty two or more, so nothing below is a national count.

JurisdictionHoursOnly mandatory subject namedAnything about the vehicle
Florida20 hours elective, plus a mandatory 4 hour update courselaw updates, ethics, disciplinary trends and case studies, industry trends, premium discounts, suitabilityNo
Texas242 hours ethics or consumer protectionNo
Washington243 hours ethics, and courses confined by subjectNo
Mississippi24, or 12 if licensed 18 months or less3 hours ethicsNo
New York15 credit hours, reach to adjusters not establishedbranches of insurance related to the licenceNot established
North Carolinaset by rule, not more than 24none in the statuteNot established
Massachusetts (appraiser)none in 212 CMR 2.02noneNo
Rhode Island (appraiser)no continuing education section in the chapternoneNo

Florida Statutes section 626.2815 requires that "each licensee must also complete 20 hours of elective continuing education courses every 2 years", and separately that "A licensee who has been licensed for 6 or more years must also complete a minimum of 16 hours of elective continuing education every 2 years." We reproduce both sentences because we did not establish how the two interact, and we will not guess. The mandatory course is where the state names subjects:

"The content of the course must address all lines of insurance for which examination and licensure are required and include the following subject areas: insurance law updates, ethics for insurance professionals, disciplinary trends and case studies, industry trends, premium discounts, determining suitability of products and services, and other similar insurance-related topics the department determines are relevant to legally and ethically carrying out the responsibilities of the license granted."

Florida names six subjects. Two of them, premium discounts and determining suitability of products and services, are a salesman's subjects, written for a producer and applied to the person who decides what your car is worth. On the retrieval we ran on 2026-09-02, the words repair, vehicle, automobile, estimate and collision did not appear anywhere in that statute section, on a retrieval that did find ethics, suitability, adjuster and hours in the same document.

Texas requires by rule that "each licensee must complete 24 hours of continuing education", of which the licensee must "complete at least two hours of the licensee's continuing education requirement in certified ethics or consumer protection courses". Two hours out of twenty four have a named subject. The other twenty two do not.

Mississippi Code section 83-17-415 is three sentences long. It directs the commissioner to adopt a certification procedure for continuing education programs, sets twelve hours for a licence in effect eighteen months or less, and sets twenty four hours for a licence in effect longer, "of which three (3) hours shall have a course concentration in ethics." Ethics is the only subject the section names.

New York's continuing education section is the one instrument of the eight whose reach we could not settle. Section 2132(a) applies the requirement to "resident and non-resident persons licensed pursuant to this article with respect to: (1) life insurance, annuity contracts, variable annuity contracts and variable life insurance; (2) sickness, accident and health insurance; (3) all lines of property and casualty insurance; (4) life settlements; and (5) title insurance." Adjusters and motor vehicle damage appraisers are licensed under that same article, and neither is named in that list. Where the section applies, it requires instruction "equivalent to fifteen credit hours" per biennial period, on courses "covering portions of the principal branches of insurance related to the kinds of insurance covered by that license." Whether an adjuster's licence counts as a licence with respect to all lines of property and casualty insurance for the purpose of subsection (a) is a question we did not resolve. We record New York as open and rest nothing on it.

North Carolina is the only statute we read that names motor vehicle damage appraisers and adjusters in the same continuing education sentence, and it uses the word competence:

"The Commissioner may adopt rules to provide for a program of continuing education requirements for the purpose of enhancing the professional competence and professional responsibility of adjusters and motor vehicle damage appraisers."

A separate subsection caps the hours: "Biennial continuing professional education hour requirements shall be determined by the Commissioner, but shall not be more than 24 credit hours." The same section authorises the Commissioner to make rules on "The content of continuing education courses". What the Commissioner has actually required under that authority is not something we established, because we did not read the rule. North Carolina is therefore recorded as open, not as an example either way.

Three of the eight carve out a fixed number of hours for a named subject: Texas two hours of ethics or consumer protection, Washington three hours of ethics, Mississippi three hours of ethics. In all three the named subject is ethics or consumer protection. Florida names six subject areas for its mandatory update course, and none of the six is about the vehicle. In none of the eight does a named subject concern vehicle repair. We are not claiming the other forty two jurisdictions look like these eight. We did not open them, and one state naming a repair subject in a rule we never read would sit outside every count on this page.

The two states that license the estimate writer, and ask nothing after that

Massachusetts is strict at the door. Under 212 CMR 2.02, no applicant "shall be considered competent unless the applicant has assisted in the preparation of appraisals for at least three months under the close supervision of a licensed appraiser." The applicant must "complete an approved appraisal course or at the Board's discretion work experience may be substituted for said schooling", and "shall be required to pass an examination given under the supervision of the Board." The same section requires that the finished document carry the appraiser's name:

"The prepared appraisal shall be sworn to under the penalties of perjury and shall include the appraiser's name, signature, license number, seal or stamp, employer, insurance company, repair shop registration number if applicable, fee charged, the date the vehicle was appraised and the name of the manual used (if any) in preparing the appraisal."

That is a real entry standard and a real accountability rule, and it is more than any other instrument we read imposes on the estimate writer. Once through that door, the renewal provision at 212 CMR 2.02(4) asks for this:

"The Board shall mail to each licensed appraiser an application for renewal. Such application shall be completed and returned to the Board. Each application shall be accompanied by a renewal fee of $50.00. After verification of the facts stated on the renewal application, the Board shall issue a renewal license dated July first, and this license shall expire on the June thirtieth of the year following. Any licensed appraiser who fails to renew his or her license within 60 days after notification by the Board of his or her license expiration date, before again engaging in the practice of a licensed appraiser within the Commonwealth, shall be required to re-register, pay a penalty fee determined by the Board and any back license fees, or may be required by the Board to be reexamined and pay applicable fees."

The Board does keep a reexamination power, and it belongs in any fair account of this rule. Read where it sits: the subsection attaches it to the appraiser who lets the licence lapse, not to the one who renews. For an appraiser who renews on time the requirement is an application, fifty dollars, and a verification of the facts stated on the application. Nothing in the subsection asks a renewing appraiser to have learned anything since the last renewal.

Scope this exactly: 212 CMR 2.00 runs from 2.01 to at least 2.06, which is titled Severability; we read 2.02 and 2.04 in full; the words continuing education do not appear anywhere in 212 CMR 2.02; and the claim is that the licensure and renewal section imposes no continuing education. Whether some other Massachusetts instrument does is not something we established.

Rhode Island's motor vehicle physical damage appraiser chapter has no continuing education section. The section list we read on 2026-09-02 returns thirteen entries, two of them marked repealed and two separately numbered sections both titled "Emergency licenses". That a list displays repealed sections and a duplicated title is evidence it is showing the chapter's real structure rather than a cleaned summary. It is still only a heading index, and it cannot exclude a requirement living inside a section with a different title. We report it as a heading index and rest nothing else on it.

The emergency licence, and the counterweight that travels with it

Rhode Island is the only emergency provision we located anywhere that governs motor vehicle damage appraisal specifically rather than claims adjusting generally. The chapter carries it twice, at section 27-10.1-1.1 and again at section 27-10.1-11, in nearly identical words; we read both, and neither adds an examination, education or competence requirement to the other. Under R.I. Gen. Laws section 27-10.1-11 the commissioner may license "an experienced motor vehicle appraiser" without a Rhode Island licence if:

"The appraiser is either a licensed appraiser in another state that requires a license or regularly appraises motor vehicle damage in another state where such licensing is not required and works for an insurance company authorized to do business in Rhode Island"

The word experienced is the standard, and that paragraph defines it. A state that requires its own appraisers to pass a Board examination will accept, in an emergency, a person whose qualification is that they do this work somewhere that never checked. The licence runs 120 days, "unless extended by the commissioner", and "The appraiser may appraise claims within or outside the state."

Oklahoma and Mississippi follow a different and more common pattern, in which a sponsor certifies and the paperwork follows the work. Under 36 O.S. section 6218 the emergency licensee need not be a licensed adjuster, and "A licensed adjuster or insurer who certifies an applicant for this license shall be responsible for any losses caused by the applicant or for any improper claim handling practices committed by the applicant." The licence runs "not more than ninety (90) days" from the date the Commissioner issues an emergency declaration order, and that order "may be extended an additional ninety (90) days at the Commissioner's discretion." Mississippi Code section 83-17-409 is the same shape: ninety days "unless extended for an additional period of ninety (90) days", certification by a licensee or an insurer with an office in the state, that certifier "responsible for the loss or claims practices of the emergency license holder", a fee "not to exceed Fifty Dollars ($50.00)", and certification due "Within five (5) days of any applicant beginning work as an adjuster under this section". In both states the person begins work first. The sponsor's liability is a real accountability mechanism and it is the answer those states would give. Neither state, however, states any examination, education, experience or competence requirement for the person doing the work.

Washington is the counterweight, and it is a real one. Its emergency route is a registration rather than a licence, the Insurance Commissioner's own guidance calls it a "no-cost emergency adjuster registration", and it is the only instrument we read that asks the surge adjuster to produce evidence that another state examined them. The registration must include:

"(a) The nonresident independent adjuster's name; (b) The nonresident independent adjuster's contact information; (c) The nonresident independent adjuster's home state and license number; (d) The single loss or specific proclamation from the governor that details the emergency; and (e) The insurers the nonresident independent adjuster is representing."

Item (c) is the point. Any account of the emergency route that leaves it out is false. The same 2021 act widened the definition of adjuster to reach a person who "applies the factual circumstances of an insurance claim to the insurance policy provisions", which reaches the estimate writer. Washington also confines what an adjuster's continuing education may be about, in the only such sentence we found in any of the eight jurisdictions:

"Adjusters must take either property and casualty insurance related continuing education courses, or insurance claim adjusting related continuing education courses, or both."

Read that both ways, because it cuts both ways. It is the strongest subject matter constraint we located: Washington will not let an adjuster spend the twenty four hours on anything they like. And the universe it permits is insurance related or claim adjusting related. A course on how a unibody is sectioned, or on when a manufacturer requires a static calibration after a windscreen replacement, falls inside that universe only by argument. The one state that narrows the subject narrows it toward insurance. Washington's registration also runs longer than the others we read, at "one hundred eighty days, unless extended by the commissioner".

We did not establish what now governs emergency adjusting in West Virginia. Its emergency adjuster section, W. Va. Code section 33-12B-11a, is shown repealed in the 2025 code, and we do not assert what replaced it.

One licence, sixteen possible home states

The National Insurance Producer Registry is the gateway states route non-resident adjuster applications through. Its published rule for designating a home state, read on 2026-09-02, is:

"The ADHS selected must have an active non-resident adjuster license on the PDB. In order for an applicant to designate a home state, the applicant must not have an active resident adjuster license on PDB (in any state). Applicants may only designate a home state that is in the following list of states. Other states will not be accepted as a designated home state: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming."

Sixteen states. A person whose own state does not license independent adjusters picks one of those sixteen and becomes a licensed adjuster of a state they do not live in, and several of those sixteen, as shown above, will waive the examination for a reciprocal licence or a private designation.

We could not establish how many states a single adjuster licence ultimately reaches. No source we located states that number, and the Washington and Mississippi instruments show the answer is conditional on reciprocal agreements that are made state by state. We will not publish a figure we did not find.

What a licence is actually lost for

Delaware licenses adjusters and appraisers under the same chapter as producers. Section 1703 provides that a person "shall not transact insurance in this State for any class or classes of insurance unless the person is licensed as an insurance producer, adjuster or appraiser for that line of authority in accordance with this chapter", and section 1702 defines an appraiser as "a licensee of the Department who assesses property damage to motor vehicles." So the grounds in 18 Del. C. section 1712(a) reach the person who writes the estimate.

Those grounds are fifteen. They include lying on the application, violating insurance laws, obtaining a licence by fraud, misappropriating money, misrepresenting a contract, a felony conviction, unfair trade practice or fraud, "Using fraudulent, coercive or dishonest practices, or demonstrating incompetence, untrustworthiness or financial irresponsibility in the conduct of business", discipline in another state, forgery, using notes in the licensing examination, accepting business from an unlicensed person, "Failing to comply with an administrative or court order imposing a child support obligation", "Failing to pay state income tax or comply with any administrative or court order directing payment of state income tax", and failing to provide preliminary substantive responses to Departmental inquiries within twenty one calendar days.

Read the list for what is not in it. There is no ground for omitting an operation a manufacturer requires, for undervaluing a total loss, or for using a labour time the vehicle maker does not recognise. The only ground that could reach any of it is the eighth, "demonstrating incompetence", a term the section does not define, sitting in a list otherwise made of dishonesty and debts. We checked whether the statute is capable of expressing a competence ground before saying this, and it is, which is why the observation is about the other fourteen grounds rather than about a search that could not see one. Nothing we located shows that ground used on an estimate, and nothing we located shows it could not be.

The largest adjuster side order we found is about the licence itself. Official Order of the Texas Commissioner of Insurance No. 2025-9692, dated 12/18/2025, is a consent order in which Code Blue, LLC waived its procedural rights "in consideration of the entry of this consent order", and which records that the company "investigated, adjusted, and supervised Texas claims for multiple insurers without holding an adjuster license." The same consent order grants Code Blue an adjuster licence, orders that the company "must pay an administrative penalty of $150,000 within 30 days from the date of this order", and orders that "the adjuster license granted to Code Blue, LLC is suspended for two years, with the suspension being probated." On the volume, the order records a representation by the respondent rather than a finding by the Commissioner: "Code Blue represents that since that time, they handled approximately 18,120 claims on Texas risks." Nothing in the order we read concerns whether any of those claims was evaluated correctly.

Two states publish disciplinary registers that do not say what anybody did. The Texas disciplinary orders index carries three columns, "Order", "Date" and "Name", and no reason. Florida's enforcement action lists for July 2026 and March 2025 give subject name, licence number, date of action and the action type, and state no violation for any entry; the March 2025 page directs readers elsewhere for the facts: "Actions taken after July 1, 2015, can be found on the Florida Division of Administrative Hearings' (DOAH) website. For further information, you may make a public records request via email or contact the Public Records Unit." That site is robots-disallowed to us and we did not go around it.

Florida does publish reasons in a separate feature called Case Notes. In the July 2026 issue, read on 2026-09-02, there are four: a public adjuster who "pocketed several claim proceeds checks belonging to multiple insureds", two agents disciplined over marketplace applications and a FINRA bar, and a general lines agent who took premiums and never placed the cover. None concerns how a claim was evaluated or what a repair estimate contained. That is an absence in four documents. It is not a base rate, and we do not offer it as one.

What we could not verify, and the walls

A state has enacted an examination outline the public cannot read. WAC 284-17-126 provides:

"The exam content outlines are described in the candidate information bulletin. The candidate information bulletin is incorporated by reference and its entire contents will be enforced by the commissioner. A copy of the current candidate information bulletin is available through the commissioner's website at www.insurance.wa.gov."

We tested the bulletin on 2026-09-02. The PSI bulletin URL returned HTTP 302 to https://test-takers.psiexams.com/, which returned a JavaScript shell titled "PSI Online - One stop Solution for Test Takers" carrying the message "You need to enable JavaScript to run this app." and no exam content. Washington has made a document enforceable in its entirety and it does not resolve to readable text from an ordinary connection. We recorded the wall and did not use an archive or a mirror. We do not assert what the bulletin contains.

doah.state.fl.us, the route Florida's own enforcement page recommends for the facts behind its published actions, is robots-disallowed to this environment. It was recorded as a wall on 2026-09-02 in our earlier work and was not retested here.

Counts we cut rather than softened. Our research file recorded 127 enforcement entries in Florida's July 2026 list and 102 in the March 2025 list, and summed them. On re-fetch on 2026-09-02 the same two pages returned 147 and 97. The totals did not reproduce, so every count of Florida enforcement entries has been removed from this article rather than hedged. What did reproduce on both retrievals, and is all we assert, is that neither page states a reason for any entry.

Other things we removed. We cut two Utah disciplinary orders because both are producer licences rather than adjuster licences. We cut an Indiana examination content outline because two retrievals of the same document disagreed with each other. We cut a claim that Texas has the largest adjuster licensing population in the country, and a claim that Massachusetts has the strictest entry regime in the country, because we verified neither superlative against other states. We cut figures on Alabama examination volumes and on Florida's list of private certificates because we did not re-fetch them for this article. We cut a claim that New York's law reaches the person writing the motor vehicle body repair estimate, and a claim that New York's requirement is the lowest of the eight, because section 2132(a) does not name adjusters or appraisers and we could not settle whether it reaches them.

Corrections we made to our own file while checking it. The twenty four hour and three hour ethics requirement in Washington sits in the introductory paragraph of WAC 284-17-224, not in subsection (1). North Carolina's twenty four hour cap sits in a later subsection, not in subsection (a). Massachusetts' perjury requirement is at 212 CMR 2.02(5)(b), not at 2.04 where our notes placed it. Mississippi's examination scope sentence ends "applicable to such a licensee", which our notes had dropped. A later check found four more: Mississippi's continuing education section is three sentences and had been described as quoted in full when it was not; the Massachusetts renewal subsection continues past the sentence we had quoted, and its final sentence preserves a reexamination power on lapse; the Texas order against Code Blue is a consent order, which our draft had not said; and Oklahoma's ninety day extension runs on the Commissioner's emergency declaration order rather than on the licence.

What we still cannot say. We did not establish whether any state anywhere requires an hour of continuing education in vehicle repair technology, calibration or structural repair; we read eight jurisdictions and none does, and eight is not a country. We did not establish any national count of adjuster discipline and we did not build one.

Sources

All sources read on 2026-09-02.

Corrections

This log opens with the publication of this page on 2026-09-02. No correction has been made to it yet.

If you can show that a quotation, figure or citation above is wrong, we will correct it here with the date and the substance of the change, and we will say what the page said before.

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